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德邦證券程強:“強國敘事”支撐A股慢牛,大量寬基指數估值仍不算高
來源:證券時報網作者:許盈2025-09-06 18:58

“這一輪中國股市的表現令人振奮,其核心邏輯是‘強國敘事’的展開?!苯?,德邦證券研究所所長、首席經濟學家程強接受券商中國記者采訪時表示。

在程強看來,當下A股及港股已經走出了估值低位,但大量寬基指數的估值仍然不算高,尚未達到過去幾次牛市中的高位水平。橫向對比全球市場,中國資本市場仍是價值洼地。

程強表示,長期看好科技、高端制造和新消費,它們最符合中國經濟的轉型方向。程強還表示,中央的“反內卷”政策部署是長期的頂層設計。在這一政策影響下,中國制造業相關行業,如汽車、光伏、建材等,可能會因改善競爭格局而受益最大。

▲德邦證券研究所所長、首席經濟學家 程強

“強國敘事”提升了市場風險偏好

券商中國記者:今年以來,中國股市的表現令人振奮。您認為這一輪中國資產重估的主要驅動因素是什么?

程強:這一輪中國股市令人振奮,其核心邏輯是“強國敘事”的展開。今年以來隨著DeepSeek橫空出世、《哪吒2》電影熱映及新消費的火爆,加上3月份關稅沖擊下中國政府強力回擊,出口數據并未大幅下滑,這讓大家重新審視中國經濟。

在這樣的新敘事下,房地產轉型、隱性債務、消費疲軟等問題都被認為只是時間問題,最終會得到妥善解決,中國將以更強勁的經濟形態展現國力。這種“強國敘事”邏輯提升了市場風險偏好,促使大家重新評估中國資產。

券商中國記者:站在當下,您對于中國股票市場的最新觀點是什么?對于A股、港股的走勢怎么看?看好哪些行業或者主題板塊?

程強:站在當下,我們長期看好中國股票市場。我們長期最為看好的是三大類資產:科技、高端制造和新消費,它們最符合中國經濟的轉型方向。

中國經濟轉型主要涉及供需兩個層面:從供給端來看,中國正從制造大國向以新質生產力驅動的高端制造轉型,這對應著科技和制造等重要行業領域。從需求端來看,中國正從過去的投資、消費、出口主導轉向消費主導。但這種消費主導并不是指傳統的地產鏈相關消費,如家居、家電、建材等,而是更多地轉向與老百姓生活質量改善相關的消費,尤其是符合新時代年輕人喜好的消費。

中國資本市場仍是價值洼地

券商中國記者:您如何看待A股當前的估值水平?與歷史及全球其他市場相比位置及吸引力如何?

程強:截至2025年9月4日,A股主要寬基指數動態市盈率在12—39倍左右,市場已經走出了低位。不過部分指數估值仍不算高,如上證50的PE-TTM僅11.8倍,創業板PE在主要寬基指數中相對較高為39.3倍,但從歷史分位數水平來看,僅位于近5年的53%、近20年的31%的分位數水平。

從橫向對比來看,美股市場主要寬基指數的估值在28—41倍左右,基本處于歷史80%—90%左右的高位水平。過去幾年海外股市,尤其是美股,屢創新高。從這個角度來看,包括港股在內的中國股票市場的估值仍然偏低,中國資本市場仍是價值洼地。在“強國敘事”演繹的過程中,我們也看到海外資金正在重新布局港股,這也印證了中國資本市場的吸引力。

券商中國記者:從上半年業績來看,哪些行業目前景氣度較高?

程強:A股雖整體處于盈利磨底階段,但結構性機會已然顯現。全A營收初現企穩跡象,不過非金融企業修復仍顯滯后,利潤增速放緩及剪刀差收窄顯示增收不增利,盈利底的夯實亟須“擴內需”和“反內卷”政策發力見效。盡管整體復蘇斜率放緩,但中觀層面高景氣賽道仍具備顯著結構性機會。

市場結構看,大盤藍籌防御屬性突出、雙創高成長與高波動并存、中小盤收入回暖但盈利端承壓。產業鏈看,TMT、高端制造為高景氣高成長、消費復蘇緩慢,一是TMT兼具高成長高景氣,是市場的核心引擎;二是高端制造景氣度持續上行,作為推動“制造強國”建設的直接載體,尤其是設備制造表現亮眼;消費需求復蘇緩慢,資本開支大幅收縮;資源能源與原材料行業顯著承壓;基礎設施表現疲軟。

券商中國記者:怎么看AI、算力、機器人、創新藥、新消費等今年大火的板塊?

程強:今年以來,上述領域都經歷了一波股價抬升。市場之所以關注這些領域,核心原因主要有三點:一是有政策支持;二是有長期的想象空間;三是有持續的催化劑。通常符合這三點的板塊,就會成為市場火熱且關注度較高的領域。

從當前情況來看,這三點依然沒有變化。首先,政策支持方面,國家對硬科技和人工智能的支持符合新質生產力發展大方向,政策高度明確。其次,從想象空間來看,以機器人為例,其想象空間巨大。如果未來出現人形機器人成功的商業化應用項目,可能會對許多行業帶來實質性變化。再者,持續的催化劑也不斷涌現,這些領域經常會出現一些“出圈”的事件,吸引資本市場以外的社會輿論關注。綜合來看,包括創新藥在內,這些領域都符合中國經濟轉型的大方向,是長期值得重點關注的板塊。

“反內卷”下制造業企業有望迎來戴維斯雙擊

券商中國記者:近年來,高層多次提及縱深推進全國統一大市場建設,整治內卷式競爭。能否談談您對該政策的理解,哪些行業或產業鏈有望迎來競爭格局改善?

程強:反內卷和建設全國統一大市場實際上是同一事物的兩面。過去我們常提到的“內卷式競爭”,主要體現在兩個方面:一是部分地方政府的招商引資亂象,二是企業層面“低價換市場”的現象。

從經濟學角度看,內卷式競爭具有很大的負外部性。以招商引資亂象為例,地方通過短期優惠政策吸引企業,但政策到期后,企業可能尋找下一個優惠地,導致企業精力主要用于尋找政策洼地,而忽視了主營業務的發展。“低價換市場”也存在類似問題。企業為獲取更高市場份額而采取低價策略,這會攤薄利潤,進而影響員工收入和消費能力,最終導致企業上下游的購買力下降。消費者看似獲得了低價商品,但企業收入下降本質上也是一種負外部性。

因此,中央的反內卷政策部署是一個長期的頂層設計。在這一政策影響下,中國制造業相關行業,如汽車、光伏、建材等,可能會因改善競爭格局而受益最大。

券商中國記者:7月以來,“反內卷”概念在A股持續演繹,但是對于“反內卷”市場的理解有較大分歧。您怎么看待這一政策對產業和資本市場的影響,對于中國資產重估進程起到什么作用?

程強:首先,“反內卷”不等同于2015年的供給側改革。與當時相比,本輪“反內卷”沒有那么強的行政主導色彩,汽車、光伏等行業有大量的民營企業,在進行產能迭代時更為市場化,商品價格的彈性也應該不會像當時那么大。其次,“反內卷”是一個很重要的頂層設計,不只是政策的一陣風。我去年提出中國“制造立國”的大邏輯,要想把中國制造業做強,就必須把企業家的經營重心放在提高產品質量上,而不是放在低價換市場份額上。

一般來說,一個大的政策出臺后,A股行情演繹會經歷三個階段。第一階段,由于市場對政策尚不熟悉,通常會將其視為一個主題性的政策機會。第二階段,市場會深入到微觀層面,分析哪些行業的供需格局真正得到了改善。第三階段是政策效果的顯現期,此時會看到一些企業的盈利開始改善,通常伴隨著估值的提升。

過去幾年,由于PPI(生產者價格指數)持續為負,中游制造業企業經歷了估值與業績的雙殺,之后隨著政策進入效果檢驗期,有望迎來戴維斯雙擊。

券商中國記者:現在大家普遍理解的“反內卷”還是較多停留在實體產業層面,在平臺經濟或者大家日常工作等層面會不會推進?

程強:我覺得這是有必要的。近幾年,我們在社會熱點新聞中看到很多類似的呼聲,大家在工作中感受到了內卷的氛圍。從經濟學的負外部性原理來看,這種現象仍然適用。盡管大家都在努力內卷,但實際產出并沒有提高,反而消磨了一些斗志,收入也沒有提高,甚至降低了消費力。因此,從日常生活的角度來看,反內卷是一種值得倡導的文化。

此外,最近國家鼓勵生育的政策也在逐步落地,反內卷和鼓勵生育是相互促進的。

校對:楊舒欣

責任編輯: 高蕊琦
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