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券業競爭格局生變:國泰海通晉升凈利“榜首” 中信守住“營收之冠”
來源:21世紀經濟報道作者:崔文靜2025-09-04 10:28

券商行業格局生變!

長期穩坐頭把交椅的中信證券,在今年上半年憾失凈利潤冠軍寶座,新合并的“巨無霸”國泰海通成為第一。這也是中信證券連續八年蟬聯榜首后首次跌落“凈利潤一哥”之位。

根據半年報,2025年上半年,國泰海通實現凈利潤163.21億元,較中信證券高出21.75億元。這一反超來得迅猛——從合并官宣到正式完成僅用半年,合并后三個月內就已顯出巨大協同效應。但這并不意味著中信證券業績滑坡,相反,其141.46億元的凈利潤創下了歷史最佳成績。

營業收入方面,中信證券仍以330.39億元穩居行業第一,領先國泰海通91.67億元,其核心優勢來自自營業務——該項收入高達190.52億元,獨占鰲頭。但從經紀業務到投行,中信證券多項業務正面臨國泰海通的強勢追趕。尤其在經紀業務客戶規模和IPO儲備項目上,合并后的新機構已顯出優勢。

這場“券商一哥”之爭,已不僅是規模之戰,更成為業務結構與整合效果的真實較量。中信證券能否憑借自營優勢守住營收冠軍?國泰海通又是否會全面領先?整個行業正密切關注這場巔峰對決。

凈利之冠“易主”之因

客觀而言,中信證券各項業績仍然堅挺,但由于今年3月完成合并的國泰海通實力過于強勁,中信證券未能守住凈利潤冠軍之位。

今年上半年,中信證券實現凈利潤141.46億元,比國泰海通低了21.75億元。而在去年同期,中信證券以領先第二名55.1億元的絕對優勢,連續第八年蟬聯第一。彼時,國泰君安與海通證券的凈利潤相加也不及中信證券一家,差距高達44.36億元。

2024年9月,國泰君安與海通證券合并首次官宣;2025年3月,合并正式完成。半年報截止日距離兩家券商合并完成僅3個月,距離首次公布合并也不過半年。時間如此之短,理論上兩家券商合并后業績難有實質性提升,但中信證券卻被反超如此之多。是中信證券年內凈利潤滑坡了嗎?

答案是否定的。

實際上,中信證券創下了歷史最佳成績。其今年上半年141.46億元的凈利潤,比2015年時的歷史第二高成績(127.42億元)高出14.04億元,較2024年同期更是多出31.64億元。

而且,2024年中報顯示,中信證券凈利潤與第二名華泰證券的差距達到歷史最大的55.1億元。今年1—6月,凈利潤排在中信證券之后的仍是華泰證券,二者差距擴大至65.95億元。這意味著,如果沒有國泰君安與海通證券的合并,中信證券仍將是凈利潤冠軍,并且與第二名的差距很可能進一步拉大。

如此看來,是合并后的國泰海通進步太大,導致中信證券被甩在后面嗎?

是,但也不完全是。

如果僅看近兩年數據,國泰海通的確進步巨大。2024年上半年,國泰君安與海通證券的凈利潤之和為65.46億元,今年上半年躍升至163.21億元,多出近100億元。這一數字十分可觀。

不過,如果拉長時間線來看,近百億元的凈利潤增量似乎并不奇怪,反超中信證券也在情理之中。

事實上,近年來中信證券凈利潤的確常居第一,但并非始終如此,2016年就曾被超越,而超越者正是國泰君安。當時,中信證券的凈利潤為54.94億元,國泰君安為61.91億元。

當年中信證券被超越的確是因為業績滑坡。受股市低迷影響,券商凈利潤在2016年集體大幅縮水,中信證券較國泰君安縮水更嚴重,因而失去冠軍之位。但第二年,中信證券便重新奪回第一。

此外,從近十年數據來看,國泰君安與海通證券的凈利潤之和,在大多數年份均高于中信證券。2021年上半年時,二者之和仍比中信證券多出45.41億元,遠高于如今中信證券與國泰海通的差距。

國泰君安與海通證券凈利潤之和不及中信證券是從2022年開始的,關鍵在于海通證券業績滑坡。

2022年中報時,海通證券凈利潤排名由持續多年的前三跌至第五,當年其與國泰君安的利潤之和比中信證券低7.35億元。

2023年中報,海通證券凈利潤排名跌至第九,國泰君安與海通證券凈利潤之和與中信證券的差距擴大至18.05億元。

2024年中報顯示,海通證券凈利潤僅剩12.30億元,滑落至行業第17名。因此,當年國泰君安與海通證券的利潤之和與中信證券差距懸殊。

值得注意的是,海通證券連續三年凈利潤大幅滑坡,與其歷史風險出清密切相關。隨著歷史風險出清、過往壞賬計提完畢,海通證券仍具有不容小覷的盈利能力。當其與國泰君安合并為國泰海通,甩掉歷史包袱重新出發,凈利潤短期大增便成了自然而然的事情。

自營成“營收領先”壓艙石

21世紀經濟報道記者了解到,拉大與第二名的差距是中信證券數年來的目標。如今,隨著國泰海通合并,中信證券凈利潤被超越,如何用數年時間趕超國泰海通成為其當前的新目標。

包括中信證券從業者在內的一些券商人士認為,在中信證券不進行合并的情況下,實現反超的難度著實不低。不過,倘若后續中信證券與中信建投合并,重新坐穩冠軍寶座則是大概率事件。

不論后續能否超越,可以確定的是,從今年半年報來看,中信證券在營業收入上的優勢依然顯著。

根據Wind數據,上半年中信證券營業收入以330.39億元遙遙領先,比第二名國泰海通高出91.67億元,與第三名華泰證券的差距更是高達168.20億元。這意味著,中信證券與國泰海通的營業收入均表現突出,而中信證券更勝一籌。

凈利潤不及國泰海通,營業收入卻領先近百億元,中信證券的高收入來自何處?

自營是關鍵。

根據Wind數據(券商行業透視口徑,下同),今年上半年,中信證券自營收入高達190.52億元,領先第二名國泰海通97億元。換言之,若剔除自營業務,國泰海通的營業收入將超越中信證券。

值得一提的是,自2020年以來,A股經歷牛熊市轉換,中信證券自營收入始終一騎絕塵,是唯一一家在半年報中自營收入即突破百億元的證券公司,這說明其自營能力的確突出。不過,在海通證券業績滑坡前的2021年,國泰君安與海通證券的自營收入之和曾一度超越中信證券。

財富管理與投行:未來競爭關鍵

從經紀業務(財富管理)、自營、資管、投行等細分業務條線來看,新合并而來的國泰海通,對中信證券的哪些業務沖擊更大?

記者從知情人士處了解到,沖擊更多來自于經紀業務與投行。

盡管從Wind統計的2025年半年報數據來看,中信證券在經紀業務、投行上分別領先國泰海通6.69億元、7.06億元,但受訪人士認為,長遠來看中信證券面臨著較大壓力,并且經紀業務壓力或大于投行。

先來看經紀業務。根據受訪券商資深人士分析,由于此前國泰君安和海通證券經紀業務均實力強勁,擁有大量客戶,合并后的國泰海通經紀業務客戶量遠超中信證券。客戶數量的巨大差異,使得中信證券在經紀業務上面臨很大壓力。“在客戶量差異懸殊的情況下,經紀業務收入、利潤難以跑贏。”受訪人士表示。

相較于經紀業務,投行業務理論上難以在合并后做到1+1>2。核心原因在于,頭部券商之間的投行項目重疊較多。對于重疊項目而言,國泰君安與海通證券合并以后,原本的兩家券商變為一家,企業向其支付的費用可能也會減半。

“比如,某個項目原本可以由國泰君安牽頭,海通證券作為聯席承銷商。如今二者合并為國泰海通,企業很可能的選擇是:由國泰海通牽頭,再引入其他券商作為聯席承銷商。”有資深投行保代分析道。

目前,兩家券商儲備項目情況如何?

根據Wind數據,截至9月2日,目前正常進行中的A股IPO項目(不包括中止審查),國泰海通擔任保薦機構的數量最多,達到42家,中信證券則為38家。單就IPO儲備項目而言,國泰海通更勝一籌。

但如果將包括IPO、定增、可轉債、配股、優先股在內的全部股權業務計算在內,目前進行中的項目中由中信證券牽頭者數量最多,達到73家,國泰海通以62家排在第二。

從年內股權業務承銷金額來看,中信證券仍然占據優勢,以1545.52億元位列第一,較國泰海通高414.08億元。

但如果僅看IPO承銷金額,國泰海通則優于中信證券,多出18.44億元。需要注意的是,年內中信證券、國泰海通IPO承銷金額均有限,分別排在第五和第四,前三名為中金公司、中信建投、華泰證券。

記者從知情人士處了解到,隨著國泰海通的合并與首份半年報的出爐,“券業一哥”中信證券也感受到了壓力,已經對包括投行、經紀業務等在內的各業務條線進行摸排,包括客戶量、儲備項目等。

一些中信證券從業者也意識到,券業冠軍之位,已經面臨很大挑戰,后續可能會在除凈利潤以外的更多賽道失守第一。而優化策略,爭取用數年時間重新拿回第一,則是中信證券接下來一段時期內的新目標。

責任編輯: 陳勇洲
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