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打造支撐AI經濟的智能電力體系
來源:21世紀經濟報道作者:林伯強2025-09-04 10:11
(原標題:打造支撐AI經濟的智能電力體系丨林伯強專欄)

林伯強(廈門大學管理學院講席教授、中國能源政策研究院院長)

近日發布的《國務院關于深入實施“人工智能+”行動的意見》(國發〔2025〕11號)(以下簡稱《意見》),明確提出要推動AI與經濟社會各領域深度融合,重塑生產生活方式,加快形成智能經濟和智能社會。在這一總體部署下,電力行業作為支撐國民經濟和社會發展的基礎性行業,既是AI應用的重要場景,也是其深化融合的關鍵領域。

隨著能源轉型的加速推進,我國電力系統面臨新能源大規模接入、供需平衡復雜性上升、電力市場化改革深化以及安全穩定運行要求提升等多重挑戰。AI不僅要助力電力系統的智能感知、智能調控與自主優化,還將在電力市場機制完善、價格發現、用戶互動等方面發揮巨大作用。

從實際應用價值來看,AI在電力領域的作用貫穿供電保障與電力市場運行兩大核心板塊:在供電保障方面,AI能夠增強系統靈活性、提升調度智能化水平,并滿足多樣化用戶需求,實現電網與用戶的協同互動;在優化電力市場運行方面,AI有助于價格預測、交易優化和智能決策,同時支撐風險管理與監管,推動市場高效、公平運行。

從AI發展本身的電力需求來看,AI算力規模的指數級增長可能會導致電力需求快速增加。因此,系統研究AI在電力供給保障和電力市場運行中的具體應用,不僅能夠精準應對能源轉型與復雜系統運行的現實難題,更對把握能源轉型機遇、推動智能電力體系建設以及加快智能社會建設等具有重要的理論與實踐價值。

對電力供給保障提出新要求

根據中國信息通信研究院的統計,全球總算力規模已經超過1000 EFLOPS(每秒百億億次浮點運算),其中智能算力占比超過50%。美國、中國和歐洲位列全球算力排行前三,其中中國算力規模占比約30%。AI訓練和推理過程中的極高算力需求,將拉升數據中心等設施的用電量。

AI模型參數量和數據量越大,訓練所需電量就越高。未來若全面采用AI技術,搜索引擎的電力需求可能會增長數倍,需加以科學控制以保障電力部門供給能力。而人工智能的應用,將在電力供給保障方面發揮多重作用:

一是應對新能源高比例接入的靈活性需求。在新能源裝機容量快速增長、多源電力系統格局下,傳統的電力系統調度方法難以適應電網運行的新復雜性。AI的引入為破解這一難題提供了新思路。通過深度學習、強化學習、生成對抗網絡等方法,AI可以對海量的氣象數據、歷史發電數據以及實時運行信息進行建模,提升新能源功率預測的精度和時效性。此外,AI還能夠在調度與消納環節提供優化支持。AI算法可以將電網約束條件、機組運行特性、儲能設備狀態和負荷特性等因素納入統一框架,通過強化學習或智能優化方法形成最優調度策略,實現多時間尺度的動態優化。

《意見》明確提出,強化人工智能跨學科牽引帶動作用,強調要將AI與氣象科學、系統工程、控制科學、運籌優化等多學科深度融合,這為AI驅動的新能源預測與消納技術發展提供了制度性支撐。從國家層面看,這不僅是對電力供給保障的技術要求,更是對能源安全和能源結構轉型的重要保障。

二是滿足多元用戶側需求的個性化供電保障。隨著電動汽車、數據中心和儲能系統的興起,電力用戶側正在經歷深刻變革。在“雙碳”目標和智能化轉型背景下,在滿足可靠供電的同時,更加關注用能的清潔性、經濟性與靈活性。AI技術在這一過程中展現出強大的賦能潛力。通過對用戶用能行為、設備運行特性以及外部環境數據的深度挖掘和建模,AI能夠形成精細化的用戶畫像和負荷特征識別模型,從而提供個性化的負荷預測和需求響應策略。

《意見》提出強化應用場景牽引,明確鼓勵AI在民生相關領域的應用落地。電力用戶側正是這一戰略的典型場景之一。通過AI的深度介入,供電保障已不再僅僅是單向度的電力輸送,而是轉變為用戶與電網的雙向互動、智能匹配與協同優化。

三是構建電力安全與數據安全雙重防護。AI深度介入電力系統運行與市場交易,必然帶來新的信息安全挑戰。傳統的電力供給保障主要聚焦于物理層面的電力安全,例如電網設備的穩定運行、防止大規模停電事故等。然而在智能化背景下,電力系統不僅是物理電網,更是數據與算法高度融合的“能源互聯網”。供電保障的新要求,不僅包括電力設備和網絡運行的物理安全,還涉及算法、數據、模型等層面的可信性與透明性。

AI的引入在提高效率的同時,也增加了新攻擊面的可能性,例如對訓練數據的篡改、對模型參數的惡意干擾,甚至通過“對抗樣本”誤導預測結果。因此,必須強化電力系統的網絡安全防御能力,建立涵蓋數據傳輸加密、實時入侵檢測、異常行為識別和多層級隔離防護的綜合安全體系。

AI在電力市場中的應用

一是推動電力市場價格預測與優化。電力市場價格受到多種復雜因素的共同影響,包括負荷水平、氣候條件、燃料價格、政策導向、市場結構和突發事件等。AI的引入為電力市場價格預測與優化提供了全新工具。深度學習、強化學習、圖神經網絡等算法能夠從海量歷史交易數據、氣象數據和實時運行數據中自動提取潛在規律,顯著提升價格預測的精度和魯棒性。

更進一步,AI不僅能提升價格預測的準確性,還能推動交易策略的優化。通過強化學習等方法,AI可以模擬市場運行環境,自動學習最優的出價與購電策略,從而在風險可控的前提下實現利潤最大化。

《意見》強調推動人工智能與產業深度融合,這為AI在電力市場交易環節的廣泛應用創造了制度空間與政策動力。隨著電力市場化改革的不斷深化,AI將在價格預測、交易優化和風險防控等環節全面賦能,助力構建高效、透明、靈活的電力市場體系。

二是促進電力市場主體的智能決策。在市場化環境下,電力行業由單一主體主導逐步演變為發電企業、電網公司、電力用戶、售電公司、儲能服務商等多元主體并存的復雜生態。不同主體之間的交易關系不僅涉及價格競爭,還包括容量分配、風險共擔與協同優化,其博弈性和動態性不斷增強。

AI憑借博弈論建模、強化學習和多智能體系統等方法,可以幫助市場主體在復雜環境中制定更加靈活和高收益的策略。通過多智能體建模與仿真,可以模擬市場主體之間的互動行為,提前預判市場走勢和潛在風險,從而為監管部門提供決策參考,防止市場操縱和價格扭曲。因此,AI在電力市場主體智能決策中的應用,不僅是企業提升競爭力的工具,更是構建高效、公平、透明電力市場體系的重要支撐。以《意見》提出推動AI與產業深度融合為契機,電力市場各方將在AI賦能下實現由經驗驅動向智能驅動的轉型,推動電力市場朝著更加靈活、健康、有序的方向發展。

三是支撐電力市場的風險管理與監管。《意見》提出要提升智能交易服務和監管水平,這為AI與區塊鏈等技術在市場合規監測、信用評估、交易審計中的應用提供了制度性支撐。電力市場化改革的深入推進,使得交易機制日趨多樣化,競爭格局也愈發復雜。開放與競爭的同時,也可能伴隨市場操縱、惡意投機、價格扭曲等風險。

AI為電力市場的風險管理與監管注入了新動能。通過異常交易檢測和模式識別,AI能夠實時分析海量交易數據,快速鎖定可疑交易行為,例如頻繁的“虛假報價”、大規模的“價格操縱”或跨區域套利行為。在風險管理層面,AI還可以通過對歷史數據和外部變量的深度學習,構建市場風險畫像,提前識別潛在的價格波動、供需失衡或系統性風險,幫助市場主體與監管部門及時采取干預措施。

推動AI與電力深度融合

《意見》為AI賦能電力行業發展指明了方向。從供電保障到電力市場,AI不僅將在提升電力系統的安全性、靈活性和智能化水平方面發揮關鍵作用,也將在電力市場價格預測、交易優化、用戶互動和監管等環節釋放巨大潛力。AI與電力行業的深度融合是大勢所趨,但其落地與發展仍需政策引導和制度保障。結合我國能源轉型和數字化發展的實際需求,未來可從以下三個方面著力:

首先,完善數據與基礎設施建設,夯實智能應用根基。電力行業的智能化發展離不開高質量數據的支撐。目前,電力數據存在分散化、標準不一和共享不足等問題,制約了AI的規模化應用。應加快建設統一的數據采集、處理和共享平臺,推動電力企業、科研機構、政府部門之間的數據互聯互通。通過建立高質量、多維度的行業數據集,為AI模型訓練提供堅實基礎。同時,應推動邊緣計算、云計算和高速通信網絡在電力系統的部署,為實時預測與智能調度創造條件。

其次,健全標準與制度體系,推動產業協同發展。AI在電力行業的應用涉及發電、輸電、配電、用電和市場交易等多個環節,不同主體之間的技術標準和算法規則若缺乏統一,容易造成系統割裂和效率損失。未來應盡快制定并完善AI在電力行業的標準體系,涵蓋數據接口、算法評估、模型互操作性等方面,確保跨環節、跨企業的兼容與協同。此外,應建立健全行業監管制度,明確AI應用的責任邊界,推動市場主體在公平透明的環境下良性競爭,形成統一開放、協同高效的智能電力產業生態。

最后,構建安全可信的人才與應用框架,保障長遠發展。AI深度介入電力行業運行,或帶來模型偏差、算法歧視、黑箱效應等風險。未來需加速搭建具備“安全可信”的AI應用框架,推動可解釋性算法、可信AI和隱私計算等技術在電力領域的應用,確保AI在透明、可控的前提下運行。與此同時,需強化人才培育力度與跨學科融合深度,構建電力工程師與AI領域專家協同創新的人才協作機制,并打造產學研深度聯動的人才培養平臺,為智能電力系統的持續建設與優化提供穩定、高效的人力資源支撐。

責任編輯: 陳勇洲
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