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告別ESG報告“蓋章機器”: 新規給第三方鑒證機構戴上金箍
來源:中國證券報作者:昝秀麗2025-09-01 08:39

中國注冊會計師協會近期就可持續信息鑒證業務基本準則公開征求意見,旨在規范和指導會計師事務所等第三方中介機構開展可持續信息鑒證業務。

市場人士認為,此舉為ESG鑒證活動搭建起清晰的規則框架,標志著我國ESG信息鑒證正式邁入標準化、專業化的新階段。

接受中國證券報記者采訪的專家認為,準則通過構建統一標準、強化質量控制、明確反舞弊要求等,為市場提供了清晰可靠的制度保障。未來,規范ESG鑒證發展,需多部門協同發力,助力中國企業真正講好可持續發展故事,在國際舞臺上贏得更廣泛認可。

平衡國際趨同與本土適配

“當前我國可持續信息鑒證實踐面臨諸多挑戰,包括鑒證標準碎片化,不同鑒證機構采用的方法與指標體系差異顯著,導致鑒證質量參差不齊;風險評估和應對能力不足,對‘漂綠’‘漂藍’及報喜不報憂的選擇性信息披露行為識別率偏低;質量控制機制不健全等。”中國會計學會副會長、廈門國家會計學院原院長黃世忠坦言。

黃世忠所言折射出我國可持續信息鑒證領域的短板。可喜的是,征求意見稿通過一系列關鍵舉措,正試圖填補這些短板、化解相關難題。

從準則體系設計來看,征求意見稿有望破解長期困擾行業的碎片化問題。安永大中華區可持續發展報告與鑒證服務主管合伙人劉國華表示,此前國內鑒證市場呈現“多機構并行、多標準共用”狀態,會計師事務所、咨詢公司等鑒證機構采用ISAE3000、AA1000等不同標準,導致程序不統一、結論可比性弱。而征求意見稿通過全流程標準化要求,明確工作程序、底稿及憑證規范,既打擊“漂綠”“蓋章報告”等形式化行為,又通過區分“合理保證與有限保證”建立雙重信任錨點,為投資者提供差異化可信依據。

吸收國際經驗、兼顧本土特色也是一大創新。黃世忠表示,征求意見稿充分借鑒了ISSA 5000的基本框架與核心要求,結合我國可持續信息披露與鑒證均處于初級階段的現實情況,對雙重重要性評估、價值鏈信息鑒證、專家勝任能力評估等領域提出更加細化的要求。

本土特色的關鍵體現在于與國內監管體系的協同。劉國華舉例,征求意見稿提出,如果使用的標準要求被鑒證單位在編制可持續信息時,同時應用財務重要性和影響重要性,那么鑒證者在考慮或確定重要性時也應當同時考慮這兩個方面的重要性。2024年4月證監會聯合滬深北交易所發布的《上市公司可持續發展報告指引(試行)》同樣明確“雙重重要性原則”。

征求意見稿落地還有望推動企業內部ESG管理升級與提升第三方機構ESG服務水平。黃世忠建議,企業可成立由董事會牽頭的ESG管理委員會,統籌財務、環保、供應鏈等跨部門事務;人員配備上需招聘“環境+財務+法律”復合型人才,并開展全員ESG培訓。畢馬威中國ESG報告與鑒證服務總監楊歆雯認為,第三方機構可進一步優化配套服務,如協助企業搭建ESG管理體系、開發數據管理工具,幫助企業快速適配準則要求。

提升可持續鑒證質量

在統一執業標準前提下,提升可持續鑒證質量是下一步機構開展ESG鑒證業務的重中之重。

征求意見稿對鑒證機構設置了硬性門檻。如,明確項目合伙人需“具備足夠的可持續信息方面的勝任能力,以對執行鑒證業務得出的結論承擔責任”,“鑒證者應當遵守中國注冊會計師獨立性準則和中國注冊會計師職業道德守則中與執行可持續信息鑒證業務相關的要求”。

“這意味著咨詢公司等第三方鑒證機構需進一步完善質量管理、獨立性體系建設,會計師事務所在這一方面已經建立了相對健全的體系,但一些傳統的會計師事務所需要在環境科學、社會倫理、供應鏈管理等跨學科知識方面加大投入。”劉國華表示。

楊歆雯認為,鑒證機構可通過“跨學科團隊+外部專家庫”模式保障勝任能力,項目團隊需具備環境、社會、公司治理以及財務領域的知識,明確溝通機制;同時,建立外部專家庫,在碳排放核算、勞工權益等專業領域獲取支持。

信永中和ESG可持續發展合伙人周逸軒表示,以信永中和為例,作為此次準則模擬鑒證試點的5家會計師事務所之一,其ESG團隊本身就兼具財務與環境可持續發展領域的專業能力,可確保鑒證工作質量。

保證鑒證的獨立性是提高鑒證質量的重要保障,也是不可逾越的紅線。楊歆雯表示,鑒證服務與咨詢服務并非必然互斥,關鍵是守住獨立性底線:實質上,咨詢服務不得涉及鑒證指標的形成(如數據收集、運算系統搭建);形式上,需關注收費比例,若咨詢收費遠高于鑒證收費,可能影響鑒證程序的客觀性,需建立內部“防火墻”。黃世忠建議,設置2-3年過渡期,初期允許鑒證機構同時提供咨詢與鑒證服務,但需禁止咨詢人員參與鑒證;過渡期后實施更嚴格的獨立性要求,避免“既做裁判員又做運動員”。

市場人士預期,征求意見稿要求機構從嚴把關,行業優勝劣汰趨勢將更加明顯。周逸軒表示,因質量保障需投入足額人工與時間成本,低價競爭難以持續,未來行業將更注重質量導向。當前中國可持續鑒證市場價格競爭激烈,小規模機構因人工、技術投入等成本壓力和勝任能力不足,未來或逐步退出,業務與人才將向頭部機構流動。

黃世忠提醒,這一過程雖能提升行業整體質量,但需警惕壟斷風險,建議政府部門采取“分層服務+協同治理”策略,即鼓勵頭部機構服務大型企業,同時引導中小機構聚焦區域性中小企業,通過政策補貼降低中小企業鑒證成本。

筑牢反舞弊“防火墻”

市場人士認為,在嚴把質量關的同時,可持續信息鑒證的反舞弊工作同樣不容忽視。通過技術手段、跨部門協作與懲戒機制形成合力,筑牢反舞弊“防火墻”勢在必行。

“舞弊識別始終是可持續信息鑒證工作中的難點問題之一。”周逸軒表示,可持續信息涵蓋碳排放、員工多樣性、供應鏈管理、倫理等多維度,大量非財務數據缺乏統一計量標準。例如,碳排放范圍三(供應鏈間接排放)的統計是目前市場公認的難點之一。如果再加上鑒證周期短,驗證外部數據的真實性與可追溯性,將面臨成本與人工的雙重壓力。楊歆雯舉例,部分企業僅披露納入政府在線監測的廢氣排口數據,隱瞞未監測排口或未覆蓋污染物,若鑒證人員缺乏一線經驗,易遺漏此類問題。

黃世忠表示,可持續信息中的氣候轉型目標、減排承諾等前瞻性內容更具挑戰性。這類信息缺乏歷史數據支撐,鑒證機構僅能評估模型假設、參數的合理性,難以判斷目標能否實現,可能被企業利用、夸大績效。

對于非財務數據的模糊性與可驗證性不足問題,可從技術層面予以解決。劉國華表示,可建立跨部門核查機制,如環保部門提供污染物實時數據,輔助鑒證機構穿透式核查;可整合政府環保監測、供應鏈物流系統等多源數據,突破信息孤島。黃世忠建議,利用自然語言處理(NLP)技術,通過AI系統收集監管部門處罰、媒體輿情等文本信息,對比企業ESG報告,識別矛盾點;同時交叉比對同行業數據,判斷企業是否存在“漂綠”行為。楊歆雯認為,相關部門應完善對環境等信息監測結果的共享機制,讓第三方鑒證人員有可信的渠道去驗證企業講述與提供的數據。

針對企業可能通過選擇性披露實施的舞弊行為,應進一步扎緊制度籬笆。黃世忠建議,除按準則出具非標準意見或終止業務外,還需審核企業是否建立ESG信息系統與內控制度,分析虛假披露動機,評估鑒證風險。楊歆雯表示,期待監管部門建立健全監督機制,對企業可持續信息披露的合規性以及所披露信息的真實性、準確性和完整性從嚴管理;對企業聘請第三方鑒證的情況開展質量抽查,督促第三方鑒證機構守好質量底線,為提高信息披露質量、促進可持續發展貢獻行業力量。

懲戒機制的完善同樣關鍵。黃世忠表示,ESG信息舞弊的危害性不亞于財務造假,可借鑒打擊財務造假的經驗,如建立立體追責機制,對舞弊企業、鑒證機構雙追責。劉國華認為,第三方機構與監管部門可建立雙向數據通報平臺,鑒證機構發現舞弊線索后,在監管部門授權下免責移交;監管部門向鑒證機構開放企業處罰記錄、輿情黑名單,輔助識別高風險對象。

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