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DeepSeek的一串“符號”背后:對國產芯片意味著什么?
來源:21世紀經濟報道21財經APP作者:趙云帆2025-09-03 07:36

“UE8M0 FP8是針對即將發布的下一代國產芯片設計。”

這是深度求索公司8月份在新發布新模型DeepSeek V3.1的文檔中所留下的一個關鍵信息。

整個8月下旬,這串“符號”成為國產芯片與算力行業在資本市場狂歡的“財富密碼”。然而,對于非行業專業投資者來說,只有一頭霧水,很難明白這串略顯晦澀的代碼到底意味著什么,可以讓市場如此興奮。

“UE8M0 FP8”到底是什么意思?為什么它能引發資本市場對國產芯片的高度關注?而我們又需注意哪些不確定性?21世紀經濟報道記者采訪了數位AI和算力行業人士,并嘗試為這三個問題找到一些解答。

極致的效率追求

首先“UE8M0 FP8”是什么意思?

“FP”即“浮點”,是計算機二進制計算的基礎單位,與“INT”整數計算相對應,常以科學計數法表達數據,適用于圖形處理、科學計算、深度學習等應用場景。“FP8”即代表8位浮點,以此類推,FP16、FP32分別代表16位和32位浮點。而每個浮點位又分別用于記錄符號(+、-)、“E”階數(指數)、“M”尾數(小數)等關鍵數據信息,“通過科學計數法計算的方式”來記錄數據。

所以,“UE8M0 FP8”,即代表無符號、8位指數、0位尾數的參數格式。

一個恰如其分的比喻是,“指數位E”是人工智能丈量世界的尺的刻度,它既能測量微觀世界的塵埃,也能丈量宏觀世界的山河——但是,它需要符號位和尾數“M”來幫它確認精度。而在主流的參數格式FP8、FP16、FP32等中,其主流參數格式對應的指數位分別為4位、5位和8位。

其中,“FP32”是科學計算、模型訓練和推理的金標準,但因浮點位數高,計算資源耗費巨大,常用“混合”了FP16、FP8的混合精度進行高效化替代。

而“UE8M0”,就仿佛一個“百招會不如一招鮮”的高手,將自己所有的技能點全部聚焦到自己的量程之上,由此達到和FP32同樣的數據范圍。

“E8M0是用8位表示指數部分,尾數部分為0,所以Scale(標度)的值范圍上和FP32差不多,因為FP32也是8位表示指數部分,可以保證量化范圍大,有利于模型訓練的數值穩定。”前全球頭部數據庫企業高管許天(化名)告訴記者:“所以我理解E8M0對比FP32速度更快,對比E5M2類的FP8數值范圍更大,訓練更穩定。”

當然,純粹的“UE8M0”,自然會以舍棄精度作為代價。但是,由于Transformer架構(一種采用注意力機制的深度學習架構)下的AI大模型,其關鍵自注意力機制原本就依賴于浮點的大量程,因此 “UE8M0”創造了一種“犧牲局部精度,換取全局穩定”的人工智能計算格式。

“UE8M0 FP8指的是一種為中國市場而特別定制的模型格式,能有效降低計算功耗,基于芯片規格的限制,此格式對中國的芯片廠商比較友好。”Omdia首席分析師蘇廉節告訴記者。“相比之下,海外的廠商是直接采用標準的FP,如E3M4或E5M2等。”

為“中國AI+”而生

那么“UE8M0 FP8”為何適用于國產芯片?

毫無疑問,受制于技術積淀時間較短,而基于中國標準的算力生態建設還需完善,因此,國產算力硬件在制程、速率、電耗等標準上存在較大的提升空間。

而采用“UE8M0 FP8”格式深度適配國產芯片,并不僅僅是一項技術上的選擇,更是基于國產芯片的發展現狀、實際產業需求以及特定應用場景所共同推動的結果。本質上是一次用算法創新彌補硬件短板,用生態協同構建自主路線的戰略考量。

比如,國產芯片在先進制程(如7nm及以下)的制造和封裝技術上與國際頂尖水平存在差距,直接影響了芯片的算力密度。主流的矩陣乘法和卷積等編碼方式需要耗費極大算力以保留精度,而UE8M0的純指數編碼格式,將計算簡化為指數移位和加法操作,大幅降低了大量算力負荷。

與此同時,長期以來AI領域由英偉達CUDA生態主導,導致國產芯片往往需要兼容CUDA,且難以充分發揮自身硬件特性,也很難開拓性地建立自己的生態系統。

而“UE8M0”作為一種更加開源、未被單一廠商綁定的格式,可能成為國產芯片重建生態體系的關鍵。

無獨有偶,雖然未來“UE8M0 FP8”仍然會基于混合精度模式驅動語言類大模型應用,但是廣義的人工智能又絕非“大語言模型”這么簡單。比如,在今年年初DeepSeekV2問世之后,不僅人們在生活之中開始處處使用大語言模型交互,而且更多的企事業單位也對DeepSeek進行本地化、私有化部署,并通過語料后訓練等用于各種專用用途。

事實上,除大語言模型之外,明確定義的專用用途AI大模型更需具備大量程、高穩定、高效率的算力特點。

比如,常被應用于自動駕駛和人形機器人具身智能的多模態VLA模型,滿足高效計算、大內存帶寬和極大動態范圍的需求,特別是在處理多模態、大規模數據且部署在計算資源受限的邊緣設備時,優勢明顯;而在工業質檢、政務文檔處理等場景,往往需要低延遲、高準確率的AI模型,并且對成本敏感。

簡而言之,在明確定義的專用場景之中,“UE8M0 FP8”能夠發揮其高效、穩定的特點,在配合混合參數精度的情況下,很可能是更適合“中國速度”,以及千行百業“AI+”的參數格式。

留意“不確定性”

當然,這個“UE8M0”背后仍然蘊藏著不確定性,如人形機器人精確操作依賴高精度的VLA架構,如原生的中文大語言模型,也需要高精度來顯得更為“智慧”。

8月以來,隨著DeepSeekV3.1的發布,AI芯片企業寒武紀股價8月漲幅高達110%。

資料顯示,寒武紀的算力芯片思元590及可能于未來發布的690系列芯片均原生支持FP8計算,而沐曦、燧原等國產AI芯片廠商也均表態其適配FP8計算。

8月末,阿里巴巴公司也宣稱,其即將推出自研的AI算力芯片,并且會適配英偉達的CUDA生態,但未明確其是否適配FP8參數格式。

那么,DeepSeek所預言的下一代FP8芯片究竟歸屬哪家?21世紀經濟報道記者咨詢多位業內人士之后,仍未獲得進一步的信息。記者獲得的絕大部分說法是:各家均沒有明確的跡象,顯示其使用了“UE8M0 FP8”混合參數模型。

“我認為這是DeepSeek在向國產芯片行業提出自己的標準,”另一位中資全球化數字科技企業高管告訴記者:“這一邏輯的根源是,DeepSeek已經在中國獲得了絕對的行業地位和市占率,因此它有能力讓芯片廠商根據自己的生態系統去定義芯片設計。”

這位不具名高管還向記者透露,雖然國產芯片對英偉達Hooper架構系列芯片的追趕已初見成效,如寒武紀等公司宣稱其新品能力在專用場景下的能力達到H100的80%,但隨著英偉達Blackwell系列芯片的推出(其甚至采用了FP4的混合精度架構),以及特供中國B30a系列芯片的發貨,國產芯片追趕國際一流芯片能力上仍有較長的路要走。

不過,多數受訪專家認為,國內企業芯片最終將獲得成功,這需要仰賴其性能具備充分競爭優勢。

責任編輯: 李志強
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