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從0.16億到4711億 描摹金融強國建設“深圳樣本”
來源:證券時報網(wǎng)作者:卓泳2025-08-26 09:01

兩個月前,債市科技板開閘,首單民營創(chuàng)投科創(chuàng)債落子深圳;26年前,首批人民幣創(chuàng)投機構在深圳破土而出。新中國引進的首家外資銀行、成立的首個外匯調劑中心、首家由企業(yè)創(chuàng)辦的銀行,皆在深圳落地。翻開深圳金融的歷史,國內金融業(yè)的諸多“第一”,無一不鐫刻著這座城市的拓荒印記。

45年來,深圳金融業(yè)從無到有、從小到大,金融業(yè)增加值從特區(qū)成立之初的0.16億元增長到2024年的4710.5億元,增長近3萬倍,年均復合增長率26.3%。

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從破解特區(qū)建設的資金困局,到培育滋養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新的資本土壤;從孵化初創(chuàng)企業(yè)的“第一桶金”到助力龍頭企業(yè)開拓全球市場的資金活水,深圳金融業(yè)始終與城市產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展同頻共振,不僅托舉起深圳“大企業(yè)頂天立地、中小企業(yè)鋪天蓋地”的民營經(jīng)濟繁榮格局,更以持續(xù)不斷的創(chuàng)新探索,打造金融強國建設“深圳樣本”。

拓荒期解資金燃眉之急:內拓外引創(chuàng)下多項“全國第一”

“中央沒有錢,你們自己去搞,殺出一條血路來。”鄧小平1979年說的這句話,被置于深圳博物館改革開放報告廳最醒目的位置。也正是這句話,讓深圳建市之初有了沖破資金困局的底氣。

1979年的深圳,尚是南海之濱一個僅有3萬人口、人均收入200余元的邊陲漁村,面臨著棘手的建設難題——缺資金。彼時的深圳,僅有幾家銀行網(wǎng)點,證券、保險業(yè)一片空白,全市存款僅1億元、貸款7500萬元,可特區(qū)建設項目動輒需要數(shù)億元投入,巨大的資金缺口讓建設者們犯了難。

于是,深圳設法“開渠引水”。經(jīng)國務院特批,深圳成立了全國首家企業(yè)集團財務公司——蛇口財務公司,向民營企業(yè)發(fā)放貸款,打破了以往融資的局限。1987年4月,這家財務公司進一步轉型升級,成為新中國第一家由企業(yè)創(chuàng)辦的銀行——招商銀行,并大膽推出“抵押貸款”“擔保貸款”,允許民營企業(yè)用設備、廠房抵押融資,讓眾多民營企業(yè)家終于不再因“無門路貸款”而發(fā)愁,極大激發(fā)了民營經(jīng)濟的活力。

1988年,蛇口工業(yè)區(qū)與工商銀行深圳市分行聯(lián)手,創(chuàng)辦了中國第一家股份制、地方性保險企業(yè)——中國平安保險公司,還專門為蛇口出口型民營企業(yè)設計“出口信用險”這類定制化產(chǎn)品,為企業(yè)“出海”保駕護航。

深耕內域的同時,深圳亦向外引資。成立初期的深圳,“三來一補”加工貿易、引進外企等為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展注入原始動力,可這類對外貿易模式對貨幣兌換基礎設施要求很高,原本薄弱的金融體系根本無法滿足需求。在此背景下,1982年,南洋商業(yè)銀行深圳分行在羅湖悄然成立。作為新中國引進的首家外資銀行,它不僅為國外企業(yè)打通了匯兌服務的通道,更拉開了中國銀行業(yè)對外開放的序幕。

“三來一補”給深圳帶來了貿易活力,但同時被外匯留成制度制約。為破解這一難題,1985年11月,深圳建立全國第一個外匯調劑中心,讓外匯從計劃分配走向市場化配置,打通了貿易發(fā)展的貨幣梗阻。

就這樣,通過引進、新設、重建等一系列實踐,深圳澆灌出蓬勃生長的金融之花。銀行、保險公司、信托投資公司等金融主體相繼落地扎根,不僅解了特區(qū)建設初期資金匱乏的燃眉之急,更為日后深圳金融業(yè)的騰飛埋下了種子。

“深圳作為市場化改革的先鋒,必然要為國家金融體制改革探路,也因此,深圳成為中國的金融創(chuàng)新中心。”深圳學者金心異表示。

轉型期促高新技術突破:多元工具助力創(chuàng)新“從0到1”突破

在敢闖敢試的拓荒年代,深圳金融業(yè)從零起步,“鋪好攤子、搭好架子”,建起了支撐特區(qū)運轉的金融骨架。在邁向2000年之際,深圳決心從“三來一補”轉向發(fā)展高新技術產(chǎn)業(yè),開啟特區(qū)的“二次創(chuàng)業(yè)”。在此背景下,深圳金融迅速轉變?yōu)榭萍紕?chuàng)新的“助燃劑”,為科技項目“從0到1”的破繭騰飛添上強勁火力。

“力合科創(chuàng)從深圳清華研究院脫胎而來,是深圳借助孵化和投資,探索科技創(chuàng)新這條能支撐深圳未來長足發(fā)展路徑的嘗試。”力合科創(chuàng)董事長賀臻接受證券時報記者專訪時回憶道,當時深圳清華研究院有大量的科研成果和人才,能為深圳的科技轉型提供充足的“彈藥”,但如何使這些科研成果轉化落地、走向市場?“借力投資”成為大家的共識。

彼時,力合科創(chuàng)憑借200多萬元的啟動資金,從10萬元、20萬元、50萬元小額投資起步,至今孵化落地了近4000個項目。從事大功率半導體激光芯片研發(fā)和生產(chǎn)的瑞波光電便是其中一個成功案例。“我們的創(chuàng)業(yè)團隊出自清華大學,在團隊還沒回國時,就在力合科創(chuàng)的幫助下在深圳成立了公司。力合科創(chuàng)作為股東,幫助我們拿到了辦公場地,提供了相應的政策和資金支持,一路陪伴瑞波光電發(fā)展壯大。”公司總經(jīng)理助理于占濤表示,如今公司研發(fā)的芯片,已經(jīng)廣泛應用到無人駕駛、機器人、無人機等領域。

1999年是深圳金融的一個重要轉折年份。這一年,經(jīng)濟學家成思危提出建議,在中國發(fā)展風險投資,隨即在國內掀起一股風險投資熱潮。深創(chuàng)投也在那一年成立,與力合科創(chuàng)一同成為國內最早一批人民幣基金管理機構。也是在這一年,昔日的“荔枝節(jié)”華麗轉身,首屆中國國際高新技術成果交易會如約而至。此后26載,每到金秋時節(jié),懷揣新技術、新產(chǎn)品的企業(yè)便涌向深圳,“科技創(chuàng)新”成為這座城市最亮麗的名片。

自此,深圳高新技術產(chǎn)業(yè)開啟狂飆突進的征程,而民營企業(yè)正是這場科技創(chuàng)新浪潮中的主力軍。但是,這些新興技術企業(yè)多為中小企業(yè),天然面臨融資難、融資貴。為了破解融資難題,除了股權融資,深圳金融持續(xù)創(chuàng)新,為中小科技企業(yè)量身定制多元金融解決方案。

一家注冊在深圳龍崗的新能源技術開發(fā)企業(yè)負責人近期分享了自己的融資經(jīng)歷:“不用跑銀行,手機上提交資料,不到10分鐘就拿到80萬元貸款。”這份便捷,源于深圳首批落地的種子貸。據(jù)悉,種子貸精準聚焦“兩有兩無”企業(yè)——有高水平專家團隊、有核心技術,卻無資質、無穩(wěn)定現(xiàn)金流,通過政策性擔保,為初創(chuàng)企業(yè)注入關鍵資金。這家新能源技術開發(fā)企業(yè)正是憑借46個注冊商標和7項專利成功獲批資金。

截至2025年一季度末,深圳科技型企業(yè)貸款余額達1.23萬億元,同比增長7.9%。各類資金“接力”保障,深圳的中小企業(yè)存續(xù)期遠高于全國水平。數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在深圳,一家民營企業(yè)的平均存續(xù)時間約為6年,遠超全國民營企業(yè)平均存續(xù)3.7年的水平,其中有17%的民營企業(yè)能存續(xù)10年以上。

批量崛起的科技企業(yè),與日益完善的深圳金融體系,形成了“科技—產(chǎn)業(yè)—金融”的正向循環(huán):股債結合的多元金融體系幫中小科技企業(yè)突破融資瓶頸,而不斷集聚的科技企業(yè),又為深圳金融業(yè)帶來源源不斷的業(yè)務增量,推動金融版圖持續(xù)擴大。

45年間,深圳金融已從初期的幾家銀行網(wǎng)點,發(fā)展為如今一張龐大的金融網(wǎng)絡。在這片1997平方公里的土地上,聚集了近1600家私募股權創(chuàng)投管理企業(yè)、7487只私募股權與創(chuàng)業(yè)投資基金,管理規(guī)模達1.41萬億元。截至今年6月底,深圳擁有證券公司24家、公募基金管理公司31家(經(jīng)營地口徑)、期貨公司14家、私募基金管理人2977家,均居全國前三。

騰飛期助產(chǎn)業(yè)能級躍升:資本市場支持企業(yè)“從1到N”擴張

在深圳的金融生態(tài)里,銀行、證券、保險等機構交織成綿密的金融服務網(wǎng)絡,如同堅實的“基礎底座”,托舉著無數(shù)中小企業(yè)鋪天蓋地生長,而多層次資本市場,則為中小企業(yè)成長為“參天大樹”鋪設了“升級通道”。

今年6月18日,證監(jiān)會主席吳清在2025陸家嘴論壇上表示,將在創(chuàng)業(yè)板正式啟用第三套標準,支持優(yōu)質未盈利創(chuàng)新企業(yè)上市。作為深圳資本市場的核心載體,深交所及創(chuàng)業(yè)板從誕生起便與深圳的城市科技創(chuàng)新基因深度綁定,在深圳乃至全國金融市場中發(fā)揮舉足輕重的作用。

如今創(chuàng)業(yè)板再次迎來制度突破,深圳本土企業(yè)——大普微電子股份有限公司試飲“頭啖湯”,向深交所提交首發(fā)上市申請,成為創(chuàng)業(yè)板首家獲受理的未盈利企業(yè)。

當企業(yè)邁過初創(chuàng)期,資本市場通過多元工具助力其“從1到N”擴張。上市企業(yè)憑借遠超非上市公司的融資能力,打開發(fā)展新空間。就在近期舉辦的2025世界人工智能大會前夕,專注于AI推理芯片研發(fā)的云天勵飛發(fā)布了深穹X6000 Mesh推理加速卡。云天勵飛上市僅兩年時間,就已完成第四代NPU研發(fā),近期更宣布開啟港股IPO,打造“A+H”雙資本平臺。“上市公司擁有充足的資金實力,在技術生態(tài)的影響力和品牌吸引力方面都實現(xiàn)了巨大提升。”云天勵飛有關負責人對記者表示。

“上市是公司二十余年發(fā)展的高光時刻。”江波龍相關負責人的感慨也道出了資本市場的價值。這家半導體存儲企業(yè)2022年登陸資本市場后,獲得更立體的融資渠道,在AI存儲、車規(guī)級芯片領域加大技術攻堅,推進全球化布局,如今已形成國內外雙循環(huán)供應鏈體系,實現(xiàn)“存儲出海”。

再融資與并購重組更成為企業(yè)強鏈補鏈延鏈的利器。在新“國九條”“并購六條”及地方行動方案的推動下,深圳上市公司掀起產(chǎn)業(yè)整合熱潮——華潤三九收購天士力、邁瑞醫(yī)療收購惠泰醫(yī)療等案例頻現(xiàn)。自“并購六條”發(fā)布至2025年一季度末,深圳上市公司已披露184筆并購交易、合計406.87億元交易額,通過資本力量快速整合資源,成長為行業(yè)領軍者。

如今,深圳資本市場的賦能已形成規(guī)模效應:截至今年6月底,深圳共有A股上市公司425家,市值10.39萬億元,還有159家境外上市公司。A股市值排名前二十公司中,中國平安、比亞迪、招商銀行、工業(yè)富聯(lián)均來自深圳。

在中國(深圳)綜合開發(fā)研究院金融發(fā)展與國資國企研究所執(zhí)行所長余凌曲看來,深圳資本市場的作用體現(xiàn)在三方面:一是高效匯集資源,為企業(yè)生產(chǎn)、研發(fā)、拓展提供支持;二是引導資本流向科技產(chǎn)業(yè)與重點集群,推動產(chǎn)業(yè)升級;三是形成創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)激勵機制,以優(yōu)秀上市公司帶動更多人才加入“創(chuàng)業(yè)大軍”,增強民營經(jīng)濟與科技產(chǎn)業(yè)的創(chuàng)新后勁。

“總體來看,深圳金融具有資源集聚、科技創(chuàng)新能力強、開放程度高等特點,在金融及資本市場服務實體經(jīng)濟方面形成獨特優(yōu)勢,這將助力深圳經(jīng)濟朝著韌性強、結構優(yōu)、后勁足的方向發(fā)展。”余凌曲表示。

校對:楊舒欣

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